Monday, July 24, 2023

The Higgs Boson: The Key to Unifying the Four Forces?

The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), confirming a 50 year search for this elusive particle. It is responsible for giving mass to other fundamental particles, and its discovery was a major breakthrough in our understanding of the universe. The Higgs is a quantum of the Higgs field that permeates spacetime, and therefore the entire universe. When other particles interact with the Higgs field, they acquire mass. Through its vacuum expectation value, the Higgs field gives mass to elementary particles like quarks and electrons that interact with it.


The Higgs mechanism works as follows: Particles acquire mass by interacting with the Higgs field. The more a particle interacts with the field, the more mass it has. Quarks and electrons strongly couple to the Higgs, gaining significant mass. Neutrinos interact more weakly, resulting in tiny but non-zero mass. The photon does not interact with the Higgs at all, remaining massless. This Higgs mechanism elegantly explains the origins of mass for fundamental particles.


The discovery of the Higgs boson has opened up new possibilities for physics. It is possible that the Higgs boson could be used to develop new theories of physics that unify the four forces. This would be a major breakthrough in physics and would help us to understand the universe in a new way. It would mean that we would have a single theory that could explain all the forces of nature. This would be a significant step towards understanding the universe and our place in it.


One of the most exciting things about the Higgs boson is its potential to unify the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism, the weak force, the strong force, and gravity. In the Standard Model of particle physics, these four forces are described as separate entities, but there is a growing body of evidence that they may be more closely related than we thought.


The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom. The weak nuclear force is responsible for some types of radioactive decay. Electromagnetism is the force that governs electricity, magnetism, and light. And gravity is the force that attracts objects to each other.


The Higgs boson possibly unites the four forces in three ways. First, it is thought to be responsible for giving mass to all the other particles. This means that the Higgs boson is indirectly responsible for the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.


Second, the Higgs boson is thought to be the carrier of the Higgs field. The Higgs field is thought to be a unified field that underlies all four forces. This means that the Higgs boson is the "glue" that holds the four forces together.


In this article, I will discuss a third method of the Higgs boson uniting the four forces. I will focus on three specific sub-scenarios:


The Higgs boson uniting the electromagnetic force and the weak force.

The Higgs boson uniting the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force.

The Higgs boson uniting gravity with the other three forces.


The Higgs boson uniting the electromagnetic force and the weak force


The electromagnetic force and the weak force are two of the four fundamental forces of nature. The electromagnetic force is responsible for the forces between charged particles, such as electrons and protons. The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay and other processes that involve the transformation of particles.


The Higgs boson could unite the electromagnetic force and the weak force by the discovery in 2023 of the Higgs boson decaying into both photons and Z bosons. This suggests that the Higgs boson does indeed play a role in unifying the electromagnetic force and the weak force. The photon is the force-carrying particle of the electromagnetic force, and the Z boson is the force-carrying particle of the weak force. Via the Higgs boson containing both a photon and a Z boson, it would mean that the two forces are intimately related.


The Higgs boson uniting the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force


The strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force are all known as "gauge forces." This means that they are mediated by force-carrying particles called gauge bosons. The strong force is mediated by gluons, the electromagnetic force is mediated by photons, and the weak force is mediated by the W and Z bosons.


The Higgs boson could unite the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force by virtue of the fact that they are created by gluon-gluon fusion. Gluons are the force-carrying particles of the strong force, and they are also scalar bosons. This scenario is supported by the fact that the Higgs boson has been observed to be produced in collisions of gluons. This suggests that the Higgs boson does indeed play a role in unifying the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force.


The Higgs boson uniting gravity with the other three forces


Gravity is the fourth fundamental force of nature. It is the force that binds us to the Earth and causes objects to fall to the ground. Gravity is also responsible for the formation of stars and galaxies. One challenge to unifying the four forces is that we do not yet know how to reconcile gravity with the other three forces. Reconciling gravity with the other three forces is hindered by the range of the mathematical effects of gravity not fitting with the range of the effects of the other three forces. Therefore, mathematically gravity is not renormalizable with the other three forces.


The Higgs boson could unite gravity with the other three forces by composite Higgs bosons creating Kaluza-Klein gravitons. Kaluza-Klein gravitons are hypothetical particles that would mediate the force of gravity in a higher-dimensional universe. If the Higgs boson could be shown to create Kaluza-Klein gravitons, it would provide strong evidence that the four forces are indeed unified.


This scenario is still speculative, but it is an exciting possibility. If the Higgs boson does indeed unify gravity with the other three forces, it would mean that we have finally found a way to describe the entire universe in a single unified theory.


Higgs Boson — Grand Unified Theory Equation


Here is one grand unified theory equation derived from the Higgs boson and its known and hypothetical properties, existing as a fundamental quantum field uniting the four forces:


gg → |H|² → γ + Z + KKg


The first part of the equation, gg → |H|², represents the creation of the composite Higgs boson from gluons, or the strong force. The second part of the equation, |H|² → γ + Z, represents the decay of the composite Higgs boson into a photon and a Z boson. The third part of the equation, |H|² → KKg, represents the decay of composite Higgs bosons into Kaluza-Klein gravitons.


This equation is a representation of the theory, and it is not yet experimentally verified. However, it provides a starting point for further research into this topic.


Conclusion


The Higgs boson is a fascinating particle that has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe. Its discovery in 2012 was a major breakthrough, and it has opened up a new window into the fundamental nature of reality.


The scenarios discussed in this blog post are just a few of the ways in which the Higgs boson could unite the four forces. It is possible that there are other ways in which this could happen, and it is also possible that the Higgs boson will not be able to unify the four forces at all. However, the discovery of the Higgs boson and the electroweak force, has given us hope that we may one day be able to find a unified theory of the four forces of the standard model of physics.

Thursday, July 20, 2023

The Binary Planck Wave/Object/Gravity Theory of the Origin and Structure of the Universe


by John Akwei, ECMp ERMp Data Scientist


Preamble


The following proposes a theory of new physics related to the origin of the Universe, Planck constants, gravity, a quantum information field derived from information theory, and the digital vs analog structure of the Universe.


The first picosecond of the Universe is one of the most mysterious and fascinating periods in all of cosmology. The first picosecond of the universe is not understood at this time. However, it is a period of time that is essential to understanding the origin and evolution of the universe. It was during this brief window of time that the universe went from being a hot, dense singularity to the vast, colder, and expanding cosmos we see today.


During the first picosecond, the universe was so hot and dense that the four fundamental forces of nature were unified. Gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force were all one and the same force. As the universe expanded and cooled, these forces began to separate, giving rise to the universe we know today.


One of the most important events that took place during the first picosecond was cosmic inflation, a period of incredibly rapid expansion that took place in the first few moments after the Big Bang. During this time, the universe expanded by a factor of at least 10^52.


Cosmic inflation is thought to be responsible for the uniformity of the universe, and the tiny ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation. In an instant virtually too brief to comprehend, the first picosecond of cosmic existence saw the birth of spacetime itself as an unimaginably dense, hot entity burst into being. The fundamental forces of nature split off from each other as the universe rapidly expanded and cooled. Quarks condensed into protons and neutrons, forming the first atomic nuclei. Matter gently separated from antimatter as symmetries broke.


Space billowed outward at the speed of light, the horizon of the observable universe growing with each fraction of a second. Primordial quantum fluctuations became the seeds of galactic superclusters. The newborn cosmos was still too hot for electrons to bind to nuclei, or even for electrons to emerge from neutrons, or for quarks and gluons to form neutrons, or for gluons to emerge from quarks, or even too hot for quarks to form.


That infintesimely tiny instant set in motion eons of cosmic evolution. It planted the first seeds from which stars, planets, and life would eventually emerge. We can only extrapolate to after the first picosecond of the universe, and deduce what came before. The first picosecond remains physics' greatest mystery, when the laws of nature themselves were forged by the first primordial force. The rest is the history of the universe.


Section 1 - Planck Constants


The Planck constant, symbolized by h, is the smallest possible unit of action in quantum mechanics. It is a fundamental constant of nature, and it is thought to be the smallest possible unit of information. Action is a physical quantity that is the product of energy and time. It is a fundamental constant of nature, meaning that it is not dependent on any other physical quantities. The value of the Planck constant is h=6.62607015×10^−34 joule-seconds. The Planck constant is important in quantum mechanics because it sets the scale at which quantum effects become important. For example, the energy of a photon is quantized, meaning that it can only have certain values that are multiples of h. This is why light can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets, called quanta. Binary Planck Wave/Object/Gravity Theory proposes that the universe originated as a field of Planck constants.


The primordial, origin field of the universe is proposed to consist of a field of Planck length wave/object duality, exhibiting both wave-like and particle-like properties. The individual Planck constants within the Planck constant field contain a gravitational field that prevents any information from escaping. The gravitational field of an object is proportional to its mass. Therefore, the gravitational field of an object that existed inside a Planck constant would be incredibly strong, and bend spacetime so much that even light would be unable to escape.


Consequently, the base 1 field of Planck constants is proposed to constitute a base 1 field of zero information. Base 1 consists of no variability and therefore no information, via the form of an infinite unitary series of one number only, a single repeating digit, for example 0000... or 1111... Because only one pattern can exist in base 1, no information with enough complexity or variety, to be considered information exists. Base 1 can encode no meaningful information or complexity, only uniformity. This all-pervasive base 1 field simultaneously occupies all spacetime, yet remains inherently undetectable. A base 1 field of Planck constants simultaneously exists everywhere and is unfindable anywhere. If a Planck constant were placed in a box, it would be as probable to find the Planck constant outside the box as inside the box.


A base 1 field of Planck constants can never have any dimensions. Dimensions can only emerge out of a base 1 field. Lacking any dimensions itself, the base 1 Planck constant field gives rise to the emergence of dimensions like space and time. The dimension of time emerging from a Planck constant is provable via relativity. In particular, time is proposed to arise from relativistic effects inherent to this theory's concept of Planck constants.


According to Binary Planck Wave/Object/Gravity Theory, a base 1 field can only emerge from a Planck constant. The original Planck constant or the resulting base 1 Planck constant field are unfindable, unobservable and inaccessible. A base 1 field enforces a maximum universal speed limit of c, (or the speed of light), via internal gravitational forces within individual Planck constants.


Section 2 - Gravity


The Binary Planck Wave/Object/Gravity Theory states that when the Planck constants of the proposed Planck constant field begin interacting gravitationally, the base 2 field of information emerges from the base 1 uniformity. The beginning of the base 2 information field is the gravitational field interactions of the base 1 field of Planck constants.


The gravitational field interactions of Planck constants are thought to be the source of all other fields in the universe. These interactions create symmetry breaking, which is the process by which a system with multiple possible states spontaneously chooses one state.


Gravitational field interactions of Planck constants are hypothesized to create all other physical fields via symmetry breaking. Symmetry breaking of the base 2 digital information field creates cellular automata structures that appear as the analog structures of the universe. This is concurrent with the number system base 2, with its binary digits 0 and 1 existing as the first number system that can create any information, and constitutes the simplest information system capable of encoding meaningful variability. Therefore, the primary field of Planck constants are the zero field, (or zero point field), and resulting secondary field of Planck constant-external gravitational force is the one field. When the zero field and the one field interact, the binary base 2 digital information field is created.


A cellular automaton is a discrete model of computation studied in automata theory. A cellular automaton consists of a grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as on and off. The grid can be in any finite number of dimensions. For each cell, a set of cells called its neighborhood is defined relative to the specified cell. An initial state (time t = 0) is selected by assigning a state for each cell. A new generation is created (advancing t by 1), according to some fixed rule, generally, a mathematical function, that determines the new state of each cell in terms of the current state of the cell and the states of the cells in its neighborhood.


Digital vs Analog


Digital information can simulate all analog structures. Analog can never accurately simulate digital by definition of analog. Therefore, the ultimate structure of the universe is digital. The theory proposes that the Planck constants compose the zero field, while gravity constitutes the one field. The interaction between these two primordial fields results in the base 2 digital field that underlies physical existence.


Digital information is information that is represented in discrete form. This means that it is represented by a series of zeros and ones. Analog information is information that is represented in continuous form with an ever increasing series of usually base 10 numbers. This means that it can be represented by an infinite number of values.


The theory proposes that the ultimate structure of the universe is digital. The theory states that digital information is capable in principle of simulating any analog forms, systems, or structures. However, by its definitional limitations, analog information cannot reproduce, emulate, or simulate digital information with complete accuracy. Therefore, the theory concludes that at the most essential level, the universe must have a digital informational structure, rather than an analog one.


Conclusion


Binary Planck Object/Wave/Gravity Theory concludes that at the most essential level, the universe has a digital informational structure, rather than an analog one. This digitally-encoded information field underlies and gives rise to the seemingly and illusionary analog structures observed in the universe. Binary Planck Object/Wave/Gravity Theory is a new and radical proposal for the origin of the universe. It challenges our current understanding of physics and information, and it offers a new way of thinking about the digital vs analog structure of the universe. In summary, the Binary Planck Wave/Object/Gravity Theory proposes that the origin and fundamental structure of the universe emerge from digital information encoded from Planck scale wave/particle duality and gravitational interactions.


Explanations of Terms


Planck constant: The smallest possible unit of action in quantum mechanics.

Wave/object duality: The property of some objects to behave as both waves and particles.

Gravitational field: A field of force that attracts objects to each other.

Symmetry breaking: The process by which a system with multiple possible states spontaneously chooses one state.

Digital information: Information that is represented in discrete form.

Analog information: Information that is represented in continuous form.

Thursday, July 6, 2023

Forensics with Large Language Model Artificial Intelligence



As an experiment in forensics with LLM AI, I gave Google Bard the following prompt:

Write a story with the following theme: "infiltration, ruse, set piece operation, false flag, false rescue, disruption operation, sting operation".

The objective is to elucidate the meaning within the NSA Disruption Operation presentation slide above. This is the Google Bard response:

The year is 2042. The world is a very different place than it was just a few decades ago. Climate change has ravaged the planet, and many major cities have been abandoned. In the midst of this chaos, a new terrorist group has emerged: the Black Hand.

The Black Hand is a ruthless organization that is dedicated to bringing about the downfall of the global order. They have carried out a series of devastating attacks, and they show no signs of stopping.

The only hope of stopping the Black Hand is to infiltrate their ranks. This is where Agent Smith comes in. Smith is a highly skilled operative who has been tasked with infiltrating the Black Hand and gathering intelligence.

Smith's mission is a dangerous one. The Black Hand is well-funded and well-armed, and they will stop at nothing to protect their secrets. But Smith is determined to succeed, no matter the cost.

Smith's first step is to create a ruse. He pretends to be a sympathetic terrorist who is eager to join the Black Hand. He uses this ruse to gain the trust of the Black Hand's leaders, and he is eventually invited to join their inner circle.

Once Smith is inside the Black Hand, he begins to gather intelligence. He learns about their plans for future attacks, and he identifies their weaknesses. He also plants false information, which he hopes will lead to the Black Hand's downfall.

After months of undercover work, Smith is finally ready to strike. He leads the Black Hand into a false rescue operation, which allows him to capture their leaders. With the Black Hand's leadership in custody, the organization is effectively neutralized.

Smith's mission is a success, but it comes at a price. He is forced to kill several members of the Black Hand, including some of his closest friends. But he knows that it was necessary to stop the Black Hand from carrying out their plans.

Smith's story is a reminder that even in the darkest of times, there is always hope. With courage and determination, even the most dangerous threats can be defeated.

Sunday, May 28, 2023

World Equality and AI

By John Akwei, ECMp ERMp Data Scientist

with assistance from Sudowrite and Google Bard

Ensuring the survival of the human species is greatly improved via the goal of world equality. World equality should be accomplished via world development, and by local development to eliminate poverty, homelessness, and involuntary cohabitation in western countries that have benefitted from hundreds of years of colonialism. The level of prosperity and the living standards, (including access to food, water, shelter and education), of the world's local populations should be improved.

The countries of the world should be economically, socially, and politically equal. The equality of people, cultures, and nations should be the aim of the international community. All countries are different, however they may find a common humanity in shared values, (or a shared set of principle beliefs which provide a value-based rationale for the social action of the diverse local populations).

An important focus in this goal is the world's leading executives having good relationships, appreciating other cultures, and sharing epistemological knowledge, (for the world's population to then follow them in having good relationships with other populations).

If leaders are friends, appreciate each other's cultures, and share knowledge, then the world's various populations can also be friends, appreciate other cultures, and share knowledge and resources. Therefore, the Hitlers that will not be friends, appreciate other cultures or share, will be diminished. The world will be led by people that value the survival of the human species, not by oedipal complex tyrants who want power. The unconscious processes needed for this mitigation of tyranny involves recognizing that persons are derived from reproduction in the unrelated adult world.

In order to accomplish equality in world economics, Universal Basic Income could be implemented on an international scale. This policy would ensure that everyone, regardless of gender, age, race, or country of birth, has enough money to buy food and shelter and to feed themselves while they look for work. The extra savings gained from people being able to spend more time working instead of looking for a second job would be spent on education, giving more people access to higher levels of education and degrees. By reducing local crime significantly through reducing poverty, improving childhood education, creating more jobs that pay well above minimum wage, and having more financially stable households which contribute to society through volunteer organizations and voting booths, Universal Basic Income will allow individuals worldwide to improve their lives and contribute to the world around them.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing technology with the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives. In the area of world equality, AI has the potential to help us address some of the most pressing challenges facing our planet, such as poverty, hunger, and disease.

AI can be used to develop new educational tools and resources that can help to improve access to education for people all over the world. For example, AI can be used to create personalized learning experiences, provide feedback to students, and identify students who are struggling and need extra help.

AI can be used to automate tasks that are currently done by humans, freeing up time for people to focus on more creative and productive activities. This can help to reduce inequality by giving everyone the opportunity to contribute to the economy.

AI can be used to develop new diagnostic tools and treatments for diseases, as well as to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems. This can help to improve access to healthcare for people all over the world and reduce the burden of disease.

AI can be used to develop new technologies that can help us to conserve resources and reduce our impact on the environment. This can help to create a more sustainable future for all.

As AI continues to develop, we can expect to see even more ways in which this technology can be used to make the world a more just and equitable place. While AI has the potential to help with world equality, there are also some challenges that need to be addressed. One challenge is that AI is still in its early stages of development, and there is a risk that it could be used to exacerbate inequality, rather than reduce it. For example, AI could be used to create systems that discriminate against certain groups of people, or to develop new technologies that are only accessible to the wealthy.

Another challenge is that AI is a complex technology, and it can be difficult to understand how it works. This can make it difficult to ensure that AI is used in a responsible and ethical way. Despite these challenges, there are also a number of opportunities for AI to help with world equality. One opportunity is to use AI to develop new tools and resources that can help to improve access to education, healthcare, and other essential services. Another opportunity is to use AI to create new jobs and economic opportunities for people all over the world.

In furtherance of improving the lives of the world's population, mobile devices could aid in eliminating obesity via eliminating overeating. Mobile artificial intelligence diet supervision would be able to predict food-related behavior, determining which foods are desirable and finding healthy, low-calorie substitutes for those foods that may not be so desirable.

Mobile devices could also determine, and reward, individuals that have personally beneficial schedule behavior. Artificial intelligence could help individuals balance their time between work and leisure activities and make sure they are getting sufficient sleep. Rewarding individuals who follow such healthy behaviors by giving them special recognition, providing feedback to keep motivated, or providing additional benefits, (such as free rides on public transportation), could benefit society as a whole.

The future of AI is still uncertain, but it has the potential to be a powerful force for good in the world. By addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities, we can ensure that AI is used to create a more just and equitable future for all.

Monday, October 10, 2022

Capitalism is a Polytheist, Caste System Religion


Capitalism is a polytheist, caste system religion with human sacrifice rituals.

The highest caste in Capitalism worship the gods, Money and Property, (as in Money and Property before Work). Work is a god that is lower than Money and Property for this highest caste. This highest caste of the religion, Capitalism, uses the power of Bull to perpetuate the existence of Capitalism's caste system. The second tier caste in Capitalism are forced to worship the god Work, before the gods Money and Property.

The gods Money and Property will only benefit the believers, if human sacrifices are ritualisitically made to them. The forms of human sacrifice the adherents of the religion Capitalism believe in are homelessness, illegal drug addiction, extreme poverty leading to criminal desperation, involuntary cohabitation, and mothers being deprived of staying home with their newborn children.

The believers of the polytheist religion, Capitalism, believe human sacrifice solves the problems of their society, when other official religions that have believed in human sacrifice in the past now agree that human sacrifice does not solve the problems of society.

Tuesday, September 20, 2022

Outline Of A Physics Theory

Binary Plank Wave/Object/Gravity Theory



The following proposes a theory of new physics related to the origin of the universe, plank constants, gravity, an information field, and the digital vs analog structure of the universe.

The postulates of this theory of new physics are:

Section 1 - Planck Constant



1a) The origin field of the universe is a field of planck length wave/object duality.

1b) The individual planck constants contain a gravitational field that prevents any information from escaping.

1c) Therefore, the base 1 field of planck constants is the primary field of zero information.

1d) Base 1 consists of no information, in the form of an infinite series of one number only. i.e. 0000... or 11111...

1e) Because only one pattern can exist in base 1, no information with enough complexity to be considered information exists within base 1.

1f) A base 1 field of planck constants simultaneously exists everywhere, and is unfindable anywhere.

1g) A base 1 field of planck constants can never have any dimensions. Dimensions, (including time), can only emerge out of a base 1 field.

1h) The dimension of time emerging from a planck constant is provable via relativity.

1i) A base 1 field can only emerge from a planck constant. The original planck constant or the resulting planck constant field, are unfindable.

1j) A base 1 field enforces a maximum speed limit via internal forces within a planck constant.

Section 2 - Gravity



2a) The beginning of the base 2 information field is the gravitational field interactions of the base 1 field of planck constants.

2b) Gravitational field interactions of planck constants create all other fields via symmetry breaking.

2c) Symmetry breaking of the base 2 digital information field creates cellular automata structures, that appear as the analog structures of the universe.

2d) Base 2 is the first number system that can create any information.

2e) Therefore, planck constants are the zero field, (or zero point field), and gravity is the one field.

2f) When the zero field and the one field interact, the binary base 2 digital information field is created.

Section 3 - Digital vs Analog



3a) Digital information can simulate all analog structures.

3b) Analog can never accurately simulate digital by definition of analog.

3c) Therefore, the ultimate structure of the universe is digital.

Sunday, May 22, 2022

Repertory Grid Analysis

Table of Contents

Introduction

Section 1a - Working Directory
Section 1b - Required Packages
Section 1c - Session Information

Section 2 - Data Import

Section 3a - Basic Statistics for each Construct in the Repertory Grid
Section 3b - Correlations Between Elements

Section 4 - Bertin Plots

Section 5 - 3D PCA Biplot

Section 6 - Conclusions



Synopsis

With increased competition and quicker time-to-market, organisations are forced to reduce their time-to-market. Therefore, the product lifecycle of products, and services, are getting incresingly shorter. As a result, innovation of new products is required to occur with decreased development time. New methods of innovation management that maintain product quality, and meet the needs of markets, are the presumed solution to faster product lifecycles.

Innovation management assists organizations to grasp opportunities and create new ideas, processes, or products. Creativity is the basis of innovation management. The objective of Innovation Management is a change in services, or business process. Innovation is accomplished via imitation and invention.

Innovation management involves tools that allow managers, and users, to cooperate on processes and goals of innovation. These tools include brainstorming, prototyping, product lifecycle management, idea management, design thinking, TRIZ, Phase–gate model, project management, product line planning and portfolio management. Innovation management usually considers the requirement of organizations to continuosly respond to external or internal opportunities, and use its creativity to incorporate new ideas, processes, and products. Unlike R&D, Innovation Management facilitates the contributions of workers, or users, at every level of organizations to innovate product or services.

Innovation management applies to innovation processes and change management of products, business processes, marketing and organizational innovation. Innovation management, (based on some of the ideas put forth by the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, working during the 1930s, who identified innovation as a significant factor in economic growth), is the subject of ISO 56000 (formerly 50500) series standards being developed by ISO TC 279.

This document is a Repertory Grid Analysis of Innovation Management methods. The Innovation Management methods reviewed in this document are “Design Thinking”, “Innovation Events”, “Ci2 (VSM)”, “Idea Capture System”, “Open Innovation”, “Idea Review”, “High Quality Projects”, “Stakeholder Management”, “Ownership”, “Defined process for Test & Learn”, “Blended Pipeline”, “Prototyping Process”, “TRL Check”, “Governance Review”, “Success Criteria”, “Roadmaps”, “Landscape Reviews”, and “Knowledge Management System”.

Innovation processes are either pushed or pulled through development. A pushed process finds profitable applications for the already-existing technology, and is based on existing or newly invented technology. A pulled process finds areas where customers’ needs are not met and finds solutions to those needs. An understanding of both the market and the problems are required for both method. All dimensions are solved by implementing multi-functional development teams of both workers or users, plus marketers.

Innovation is a prerequisite for the continued survival and development of organizations. The most direct path of innovation is through technology, disruption, or social innovation. Management of innovation significantly affects technological and institutional innovation.



Introduction

In order to build a Requirements Goal Model for Innovation Management Methodologies, the early aspects of the requirements for Innovation Management are analyzed, via “Repertory Grid Analysis”. Repertory Grid Analysis expresses the way in which a particular stakeholder views the domain and in what terms s/he seeks to make sense of the underlying elements. The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways stakeholders construct their experiences with Innovation Management. This technigue of evaluation is developed from “Personal Construct Theory” developed by George Kelly, first published in 1955.

“Early aspects” are stakeholder concerns that crosscut the problem domain, with possible broad impact on questions of scoping, prioritization, and architectural design. Analyzing early aspects improves early stage decision-making, and helps trace stakeholder interests throughout the review process. However, analysis of early aspects is hard because stakeholders are often vague about the concepts involved, and may use different vocabularies to express their concerns.

The repertory grid technique identifies terminological interference between stakeholders’ descriptions of their goals, and formalizes concept analysis to uncover conflicts and trade-offs between these goals. This results in the clarification and elaboration of early aspects. Preliminary qualitative evaluation indicates that the approach can be readily adopted in existing requirements analysis processes, and can yield significant insights into crosscutting concerns in the problem domain.

The dimensions, (or “constructs”) of Innovation Management are expressed in personally meaningful terms, and is significant to the interviewed person. The personal construct system of stakeholders partially merges with others in varying degrees. This makes it possible for people to share their individual perceptions in a structured manner via survey data. The goal of Repertory Grid Analysis is to reduce the cognitive burden of survey takers, and still provide insightful interference analysis. Common sets of requirements are extracted to determine whether two stakeholders have consensus or conflict in their use of terminology and concepts. Only concrete tasks are exchanged, instead of abstract constructs that only express individual conceptual system.

A Repertory Grid consists of four parts:

  1. A topic: it is about some part of a person’s experience. In the case of this document, the topic is “Innovation Management Techniques”.

  2. A set of Elements, which are examples or instances of the topic. Any well-defined set of words, phrases, or even brief behavioral vignettes can be used as elements. For example, to see how a person construes the purchase of a car, a list of vehicles within that person’s price range could be a set of elements.

  3. A set of Constructs. These are the basic terms that the stakeholder uses to make sense of the Elements, and are always expressed as a contrast. Thus the meaning of “good” depends on whether you intend to say “good versus poor”, as if you were construing a theatrical performance, or “good versus evil”, as if you were construing the moral or ontological status of some more fundamental experience. A Construct is a discriminator, not a verbal label.

  4. A set of ratings of Elements on Constructs. In this documentd each Element is positioned repeatedly between the two extremes of the Construct of a 7-point rating scale system. Therefore, stakeholder interpretation of Innovation Management Methodologies are modeled, and a wide range of statistical analysis, (from simple counting to more complex multivariate analysis), is enabled.

In this document the 30 constructs on the left side of the Repertory Grid are “Challenges”, “Status Quo”, “Knowledge gathering”, “Process driven”, “Accountability’,”Execution“,”Project generation“,”Vision current/future“,”product/technology focus“,”Planning“,”Sourcing“,”Methodology“,”Extreme user/Customer centric“,”operating mechanism“,”Scaling operation“,”Satiability“,”Business Driver“,”Progress of activity“,”Investment (time/money)“,”Scoped“,”Proven technology (TRL5)“,”Transformational“,”Individual driven (own initiative)“,”Business DNA“,”Disruptive“,”Low Risk“,”Growth“,”Value“,”Evaluated“,”Advancement“, and”Return on Investment".

The 30 constructs on the right side of the Repertory Grid are “Does Not Challenge Status Quo”, “Does not gather Knowledge”, “Not a process driver”, “No Accountability”, “Not a Execution step”, “Does not generate projects”, “No Vision”, “No product/technology focus”, “No Planning”, “Does not Source”, “No Methodology”, “Not Extreme user/Customer centric”, “Not a operating mechanism”, “Not a Scaling operation”, “Not Satiability”, “Not a Business Driver”, “Does not Progress activity”, “Involves No Investment (time/money)”, “Not Scoped”, “Unproven technology (TRL5)”, “Not Transformational”, “Not Individually driven (own initiative)”, “No Business DNA”, “Not Disruptive”, “Very Risk”, “Does not drive Growth”, “Delivers no Value”, “Not Evaluated”, “Does not drive Advancement”, and “Has no Return on Investment”.

Depending on the extent to which individuals would tend to use similar constructs, Constructs are regarded as personal, even though psychologically similar to other people, and related to a particular set of Elements.

The stakeholder considers the Elements three at a time, and identify a way in which two of the Elements might be alike, but distinct from, contrasted to, the third. Good grid interview technique would identify behaviorally explicit descriptions. All the Elements are rated on the Construct, further triads of Elements are compared and further Constructs elicited, and the interview would continue until no further Constructs are obtained.



Section 1a - Working Directory

In order to begin the the R programming language Repertaory Grid analysis, the Working Directory is set to the folder containing the data files for analysis.

# Set Working Directory (to folder with project files):
# setwd("C:/Users/johna/Downloads")



Section 1b - Required Packages

The needed R programming language packages are installed and included in the package library. The R packages included are packages for Repertory Grid Analysis, plotting, and data importation.

List of Required Packages
Required Packages‘OpenRepGrid’ ‘readxl’ ‘devtools’ ‘plotly’ ‘ggplot2’ ‘knitr’



Section 1c - Session Information

Session information is provided for reproducible research. The Session Information below is for reference when running the required packages, and R code.

Session Information
R VersionR version 3.6.0 (2019-04-26)
Platformx86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
RunningWindows 10 x64 (build 17763)
RStudio CitationRStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R
RStudio Version1.0.153



Section 2 - Data Import

The data imported for this project is the Innovation Management Methodologies Repertory Grid, in .xlsx format, resulting from a survey of opinions about Innovation Management methods. 30 Innovation Management methods are reviewed by the survey participants, whom rated the 30 Innovation Management methods, (or “Elements”) according to 30 categories of opinions, (or “Constructs”).

# Import Data
x <- importExcel("gridtest2.xlsx")



Section 3a - Basic Statistics for each Construct in the Repertory Grid

This section explores descriptive statistics for the Constructs of the Repertory Grid. The following basic measures are returned as a dataframe:
1) item name
2) number of valid cases
3) mean
4) standard deviation
5) trimmed mean (with trim defaulting to .1)
6) median (standard or interpolated)
7) mad: median absolute deviation (from the median)
8) minimum
9) maximum
10) skew
11) kurtosis
12) standard error

# Basic statistics for each construct in grid
stats <- statsConstructs(x, index=F)
kable(stats, caption = "Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Repertory Grid Constructs")
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Repertory Grid Constructs
varsnmeansdmediantrimmedmadminmaxrangeskewkurtosisse
Challenges - Does Not C1302.4666671.63440032.02.3333331.48261540.4466248-1.46704890.2983993
Knowledge - Does not g2302.2000001.71001111.02.0000000.00001540.8191495-1.16271390.3122039
Process dr - Not a proc3301.3333330.71115901.01.1666670.00001321.68880671.11232780.1298393
Accountabi - No Account4302.0666671.43679081.01.8333330.00001540.9666880-0.46993470.2623209
Execution - No a Execu5302.0666671.25762041.51.8750000.74131540.7845864-0.49093900.2296090
Project ge - Does not6303.0666671.52978103.03.0833332.22391540.0597552-1.51200360.2792985
Vision cur - No Vision7302.1333331.59164491.01.9166670.00001540.9799712-0.74100650.2905933
product/te - No product8301.5000000.97379461.01.2916670.00001541.94926313.37121210.1777898
Planning - No Plannin9301.5666671.16510571.01.2916670.00001541.86768502.37596410.2127182
Sourcing - Does not S10303.0000001.48556273.03.0000002.22391540.0610038-1.33004560.2712254
Methodolog - No Methodo11302.2000001.44794741.02.0000000.00001540.7168042-0.85284860.2643578
Extreme us - Not Extrem12301.7000001.29054921.01.3750000.00001541.66369541.43905270.2356210
operating - Not a oper13301.2333330.62606231.01.0416670.00001322.26338783.43254360.1143028
Scaling op - Not a Sca14303.1333331.56983053.03.1666672.9652154-0.1607609-1.47240110.2866105
Satiabilit - Not Satiab15302.6000001.49942523.02.5000002.96521540.3773225-1.20831030.2737563
Business D - Not a Busi16301.4000000.93218321.01.1666670.00001542.38014395.32100530.1701926
Progress o - Does not P17301.3333330.71115901.01.1666670.00001321.68880671.11232780.1298393
Investment - Involves N18302.1000001.44675621.01.8750000.00001540.8889739-0.61816070.2641403
Scoped - Not Scoped19302.1666671.48749581.01.9583330.00001540.7573281-0.92726380.2715783
Proven tec - Unproven t20303.2666671.43679083.03.3333332.2239154-0.2524357-1.12070530.2623209
Transforma - Not Transf21303.3333331.39786373.03.4166671.4826154-0.2901720-1.06579700.2552138
Induvial d - Not Induv22302.5000001.45625882.02.3750001.48261540.5504695-1.09609030.2658753
Business D - No Busines23302.1000001.06187862.02.0000001.48261540.6447520-0.22702570.1938716
Disruptive - Not Disrup24303.6000001.27576893.53.7500000.7413154-0.5047139-0.68952500.2329225
Low Risk - Very Risk25303.2666671.22989583.03.2916671.48261540.0418868-1.06770170.2245472
Growth - Does not26302.2000001.29721192.02.0000001.48261540.8319230-0.37898500.2368374
Value - Delivers n27302.0333331.32569651.01.7916670.00001540.9714722-0.21990790.2420380
Evaluated - Not Evalua28302.1666671.23409422.02.0000001.48261540.6522578-0.56991220.2253137
Advancemen - Does not29303.0666671.31131243.03.0833331.4826154-0.2066981-0.92120920.2394118
Return on - Has no Ret30302.5000001.43238412.02.3750001.48261540.5444294-1.00553750.2615164



Section 3b - Correlations Between Elements

This section calculates the correlations between Repertory Grid Elements. A correlation index invariant to construct reflection is Cohen’s rc measure (1969), which can be calculated using the argument rc=TRUE which is the default option. Product moment correlations as a measure of similarity are occasionally flawed as they are not invariant to construct reflection (Bell, 2010; Mackay, 1992).

# Correlations between elements
corrs <- elementCor(x, index=F, rc=F)
kable(corrs, caption = "Table 2: Correlations Between Elements")
Table 2: Correlations Between Elements
Design ThinkingInnovation EventsCi2 (VSM)Idea Capture SystemOpen InnovationIdea ReviewHigh Quality ProjectStakeholder ManagemeOwnershipDefined process forBlended PipelinePrototyping ProcessTRL CheckGovernance ReviewSuccess CriteriaRoadmapsLandscape ReviewsKnowledge ManagementCOGSProblem CaptureRACIStrategic projectsCost Benefit AnalysiConcept developmentConcept definitionCulture of innovatioChange ManagementCoreOptimiseNext Generation
Design Thinking1.00000000.29993690.1296460-0.26526550.09947910.1202826-0.0986236-0.2289644-0.20333140.1618537-0.06141020.19652290.11047480.0694575-0.0500287-0.11959150.60058590.3456368-0.20917510.2663331-0.4968053-0.29842010.01180070.09674520.15460750.41800780.0917715-0.0900817-0.04173090.0000000
Innovation Events0.29993691.00000000.75838490.0903113-0.01394580.32600190.32874770.16467690.19953230.10107330.43905740.30571770.41209510.33855150.48041890.04764870.04645230.05814490.19616630.4365520-0.0174115-0.10757540.20513500.56768770.50133150.19193510.33735540.28887370.3714853-0.0407671
Ci2 (VSM)0.12964600.75838491.00000000.4273145-0.11343560.10498490.42299790.34391170.2833819-0.06276320.31381920.11351960.19717660.07491480.36658280.3492977-0.12594860.14597340.30888980.5237573-0.01955110.01388930.34089240.38698880.25323350.02200330.13608360.53880290.3498417-0.1842232
Idea Capture System-0.26526550.09031130.42731451.0000000-0.31069170.33755390.71722480.51908830.45557350.05394650.60874210.0275468-0.0026089-0.00290210.17323240.2068388-0.38995920.43179510.29579370.11869720.19471850.34899110.27561700.20456330.1971635-0.03455050.03876980.53363190.0595000-0.4343722
Open Innovation0.0994791-0.0139458-0.1134356-0.31069171.0000000-0.3944661-0.2578109-0.4897091-0.4783739-0.0157351-0.19701630.0542353-0.1438248-0.3199662-0.02675030.52502700.38388360.23655940.32396760.3213317-0.3018657-0.0651287-0.20191460.13301910.20128020.40166810.1962809-0.08429170.20082150.2798867
Idea Review0.12028260.32600190.10498490.3375539-0.39446611.00000000.48490630.56065390.61346890.42702180.51172580.62662640.36436630.52197950.3306325-0.2061818-0.19042580.15096010.03730640.08634000.36661540.26249560.42724480.44081160.45584110.08007410.35745690.06147500.0659506-0.1253399
High Quality Project-0.09862360.32874770.42299790.7172248-0.25781090.48490631.00000000.54256910.47905050.15830920.76199680.25490420.33044190.20811960.4145023-0.0682152-0.31227260.38001750.19372860.35825530.22788840.16357380.40035640.53075690.40965670.05614010.19859690.57391370.2638207-0.3083108
Stakeholder Manageme-0.22896440.16467690.34391170.5190883-0.48970910.56065390.54256911.00000000.97918680.37686140.37678730.26413240.45645400.40862780.44080160.0242492-0.30141480.16768190.12041630.23191290.60335460.31023260.62637980.38750840.3894180-0.07088210.38993050.34784960.2039413-0.0311206
Ownership-0.20333140.19953230.28338190.4555735-0.47837390.61346890.47905050.97918681.00000000.41810590.40269360.30485070.50395260.46714180.4374132-0.0275163-0.27160720.15109950.09459680.17912440.61700190.23961690.56747040.42293370.4407953-0.03972550.44576720.29535250.18243170.0000000
Defined process for0.16185370.1010733-0.06276320.0539465-0.01573510.42702180.15830920.37686140.41810591.00000000.37559140.51607880.42850220.40340010.36533050.13739290.23585660.12392130.08899080.02016350.28515840.30633560.38824800.37382280.35158600.30216460.4655863-0.0813362-0.08030960.0229989
Blended Pipeline-0.06141020.43905740.31381920.6087421-0.19701630.51172580.76199680.37678730.40269360.37559141.00000000.28737340.30440780.27982110.40182740.0083105-0.20963450.38029250.24760780.11120390.17640850.16886140.17138750.44707090.45559740.08531850.40164830.42618930.1744772-0.2879650
Prototyping Process0.19652290.30571770.11351960.02754680.05423530.62662640.25490420.26413240.30485070.51607880.28737341.00000000.51850230.33401270.25115970.07206360.06398160.0251252-0.11404070.19484490.0728435-0.07968810.26377970.54251750.48131310.20037130.3326276-0.13096500.07204600.1387259
TRL Check0.11047480.41209510.1971766-0.0026089-0.14382480.36436630.33044190.45645400.50395260.42850220.30440780.51850231.00000000.67093950.5579775-0.25220430.11691590.0856653-0.22942290.20310800.3637995-0.29434170.36803440.64797930.64975940.03002970.34539250.02790820.29304900.1952031
Governance Review0.06945750.33855150.0749148-0.0029021-0.31996620.52197950.20811960.40862780.46714180.40340010.27982110.33401270.67093951.00000000.6158755-0.3239209-0.0126879-0.1799915-0.2717691-0.12969860.5170799-0.07555620.39582630.45088300.3418171-0.06866260.4388584-0.05518860.15020290.0334052
Success Criteria-0.05002870.48041890.36658280.1732324-0.02675030.33063250.41450230.44080160.43741320.36533050.40182740.25115970.55797750.61587551.0000000-0.0440066-0.20790810.04956970.25990480.27422990.35624790.25220290.48868130.68011100.58806960.00434410.46430680.16552610.3104643-0.0390991
Roadmaps-0.11959150.04764870.34929770.20683880.5250270-0.2061818-0.06821520.0242492-0.02751630.13739290.00831050.0720636-0.2522043-0.3239209-0.04400661.00000000.02615770.16838670.54076300.4029325-0.01680780.25878960.16608330.08042390.08369040.23446960.14627030.21790520.30213170.2557985
Landscape Reviews0.60058590.0464523-0.1259486-0.38995920.3838836-0.1904258-0.3122726-0.3014148-0.27160720.2358566-0.20963450.06398160.1169159-0.0126879-0.20790810.02615771.00000000.3283177-0.20554530.0527058-0.3049996-0.3181771-0.2136789-0.15179500.08380620.46036220.1392346-0.2573721-0.08051840.1942255
Knowledge Management0.34563680.05814490.14597340.43179510.23655940.15096010.38001750.16768190.15109950.12392130.38029250.02512520.0856653-0.17999150.04956970.16838670.32831771.00000000.38592500.2503569-0.22374880.14482400.07015460.14378640.42626520.30012520.29804670.32355010.1447180-0.0864406
COGS-0.20917510.19616630.30888980.29579370.32396760.03730640.19372860.12041630.09459680.08899080.2476078-0.1140407-0.2294229-0.27176910.25990480.5407630-0.20554530.38592501.00000000.31347490.12081840.52322950.26352420.22075930.32524290.24990070.27830970.35448090.2167967-0.0225486
Problem Capture0.26633310.43655200.52375730.11869720.32133170.08634000.35825530.23191290.17912440.02016350.11120390.19484490.2031080-0.12969860.27422990.40293250.05270580.25035690.31347491.00000000.0320508-0.02146060.46088040.51136490.45531990.36527830.22057950.29538540.40234760.1280913
RACI-0.4968053-0.0174115-0.01955110.1947185-0.30186570.36661540.22788840.60335460.61700190.28515840.17640850.07284350.36379950.51707990.3562479-0.0168078-0.3049996-0.22374880.12081840.03205081.00000000.26464090.38387010.32041040.2208409-0.20932150.18400120.10159490.0396777-0.0176486
Strategic projects-0.2984201-0.10757540.01388930.3489911-0.06512870.26249560.16357380.31023260.23961690.30633560.1688614-0.0796881-0.2943417-0.07555620.25220290.2587896-0.31817710.14482400.5232295-0.02146060.26464091.00000000.2843124-0.04886140.0105622-0.12215930.07476940.18135180.0191248-0.2475046
Cost Benefit Analysi0.01180070.20513500.34089240.2756170-0.20191460.42724480.40035640.62637980.56747040.38824800.17138750.26377970.36803440.39582630.48868130.1660833-0.21367890.07015460.26352420.46088040.38387010.28431241.00000000.44883560.42978310.25514640.46826290.23712120.38115870.1291170
Concept development0.09674520.56768770.38698880.20456330.13301910.44081160.53075690.38750840.42293370.37382280.44707090.54251750.64797930.45088300.68011100.0804239-0.15179500.14378640.22075930.51136490.3204104-0.04886140.44883561.00000000.76701480.22861720.38480310.27938470.41230520.1296165
Concept definition0.15460750.50133150.25323350.19716350.20128020.45584110.40965670.38941800.44079530.35158600.45559740.48131310.64975940.34181710.58806960.08369040.08380620.42626520.32524290.45531990.22084090.01056220.42978310.76701481.00000000.41559020.53249360.22891740.51063560.2311550
Culture of innovatio0.41800780.19193510.0220033-0.03455050.40166810.08007410.0561401-0.0708821-0.03972550.30216460.08531850.20037130.0300297-0.06866260.00434410.23446960.46036220.30012520.24990070.3652783-0.2093215-0.12215930.25514640.22861720.41559021.00000000.3329167-0.11684140.08062500.2651376
Change Management0.09177150.33735540.13608360.03876980.19628090.35745690.19859690.38993050.44576720.46558630.40164830.33262760.34539250.43885840.46430680.14627030.13923460.29804670.27830970.22057950.18400120.07476940.46826290.38480310.53249360.33291671.00000000.07076640.25768930.1593834
Core-0.09008170.28887370.53880290.5336319-0.08429170.06147500.57391370.34784960.2953525-0.08133620.4261893-0.13096500.0279082-0.05518860.16552610.2179052-0.25737210.32355010.35448090.29538540.10159490.18135180.23712120.27938470.2289174-0.11684140.07076641.00000000.5211366-0.3520094
Optimise-0.04173090.37148530.34984170.05950000.20082150.06595060.26382070.20394130.1824317-0.08030960.17447720.07204600.29304900.15020290.31046430.3021317-0.08051840.14471800.21679670.40234760.03967770.01912480.38115870.41230520.51063560.08062500.25768930.52113661.00000000.4565973
Next Generation0.0000000-0.0407671-0.1842232-0.43437220.2798867-0.1253399-0.3083108-0.03112060.00000000.0229989-0.28796500.13872590.19520310.0334052-0.03909910.25579850.1942255-0.0864406-0.02254860.1280913-0.0176486-0.24750460.12911700.12961650.23115500.26513760.1593834-0.35200940.45659731.0000000



Section 4 - Bertin Plots

This section displays grid data in the form of an reordable matrix, comprised of graphical displays for each cell of a matrix, allowing to identify structures by eye-balling reordered versions of the data matrix. This is deried from Bertin’s (1966) graphical proposals.

In the context of Repertory Grids, the Bertin display is made up of a simple colored rectangle where the color denotes the corresponding score. Bright values correspond to low, dark to high scores. Within Bertin plots dark red values show low importance and white ones high intuitive.

The clustered Bertin plot contains a standard Bertin display in its center, and dendrograms at the sides. As a default Euclidean distance and Ward clustering is applied to the grid.

# Bertin plots shows relationship between different values which is dark red values show low importance and white ones high Intuitively.
bertin(x,color=c("white", "darkred"),cex.elements=.55)

c <- cluster(x,along=1, print=FALSE)

plot.new()

# The Bertin plots are clustered into groups.
bertinCluster(c,color=c("white", "darkred"),cex.elements=.55)



Section 5 - 3D PCA Biplot Representation

3D PCA Biplotting allows for easily visualization of the relationships of Elements and Constructs within the Repertory Grid data. Thereby, this final plotting method allows for the gaining of insights from the Repertory Grid Analysis.

# Perform PCA analysis and create 3D biplot.
biplotPseudo3d(x)



Section 6 - Conclusions

This document applied Requirements Goal Modeling to determine the early aspects of the requirements for Innovation Management, via use of “Repertory Grid Analysis”. The results of this analysis are displayed in the document’s two tables and four plots.

The first table, “Basic Statistics for each Construct in the Repertory Grid”, provides a variety of statistics unique to each “Construct”, or subjective impression of individuals, in the analysis of Innovation Management Methodologies. These statistics give the analyst a good concept of the range of responses by survey takers to the list of Constructs that explain the survey taker’s opinions of the sub-topics of the main topic. Via Table 1, the analyst can understand the median of responses, the standard deviasion, and the range of responses.

The second table, “Correlations Between Elements”, allows the analyst to determine the level of correlation between, “Elements”, or sub-topics. Elements with high levels of correlation are then identifiable, as well as low correlation levels. These correlation levels greatly aid in understanding the characteristics of Innovation Management methods.

Figure 1, the first Bertin plot, displays the relationship between Elements and Constructs, both numerically and via hue of intersection colors. This allows for quick visual inspection of the data gathered via Repertory Grid Analysis.

Figure 2, the clustered Bertin plot, groups together related Elements and Constructs visually for easy inspection. Finding pathways through subsections of data is therefore facilitated, thereby allowing for efficient methods of selecting an Innovation Management method.

Figure 3, is a 3D biplot of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Repertory Data. This biplot displays Element categories on the inside of a graphic square, with Construct categories arrayed outside the square with a 3-dimensional tangent. This allows for easy visual determination of the relationships between different Elements, the relationships between different Constructs, and the relationship between the entire set of Elements and Constructs. The quadrant that the data points are located in allow for an overview of the entire dataset. Via interactive exploration of the distribution of data points within the survey results, determination of an optimal Innovation Management Methodology is possible.

Within the 3D PCA biplot, analysts and stakeholders can observe that the Innovation Management methods “Strategic Projects”, “COGS”, “Idea Capture System”, and “Roadmap” have high “Growth”, “Value”, “Business DNA”, and “Return On Investment”. However, “TRL Check”, “Governance Review”, and “Change Management” are on the opposite side of the quadrant, and have the qualities of “Has No Return On Investment”, “No Business DNA”, and “Delivers No Value”, according to the survey takers.

The Elements, (or Sub-topics of the Topic “Innovation Management Methods”), “Idea Review”, “Cost Benefit Analysis”, and “Optimise” fall in the center of the PCA Biplot and have neutral Construct qualities. Thereby, indicating ambivalent results from the survey takers.

The 3D PCA Biplot further indicates that if stakeholders selecting an Innovation Management method are interested in a “Low Risk”, “Not Scoped”, and “Disruptive” innovation management method, then “Design Thinking”, “Landscape Reviews”, and “Culture of Innovation” are optimal choices.

Due to the very nature of Innovation Management, quantitative research gaps can emerge in the supporting evidence. The use of Repertory Grid Analysis has enhanced the information gathered, and substantiated the findings drawn from the range of open innovation initiatives. The Repertory Grids take longer to complete than many routine interviews, approximately thirty to forty minutes, however the results offer a rare insight into Innovation Management. The relevance of Repertory Grid Elements and Constructs is easily understandable to all individuals within an organization. Traditional research methods using questionnaires implicitly assume respondents construe the material present in a similar fashion. Usually, a small proportion of participants find the Rep Grid challenging. Confusion about score reversal can possibly occur.

The Repertory Grid is not a standardized “psychological test”, it is the mutual negotiation of a person’s meanings. Careful interviewing is required to identify what the individual means by the element/construct ratings. Usually, a 1 indicates that the left pole of the construct applies and a 7 indicating that the right pole of the construct applies. Typically, stakeholders have a limited number of genuinely different Constructs for any one topic. The richness of people’s meaning structures comes from the many different ways in which a limited number of Constructs can be applied to individual Elements.

Repertory Grid Analysis has gained popularity with academics and practitioners in a great variety of fields. Repertory Grids describe people’s perceptions without prejudging the terms of reference, a kind of personalized grounded theory. Unlike a conventional rating-scale questionnaire, it is not the investigator but the interviewee who provides the Constructs on which a topic is rated. In conclusion, Market researchers, new product developers, and knowledge capture specialists will find the above Early Aspects Review via Repertory Grid Analysis of Innovation Management Techniques helpful.